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Ankara is Turkey's capital and its second largest metropolis. The city's gross value added (GVA) is sourced primarily from commerce and business services, yet public services remains the largest employer, providing jobs to 30% of the working population in 2016.
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In 2016, Ankara's labour productivity was 14% higher when compared to the rest of the country, but 18% lower than Istanbul's. Compared to Istanbul, the business services sector in Ankara is less important (28% of GVA in Ankara versus 31% in Istanbul) and less productive (labour productivity in this sector in Ankara was 21% below that in Istanbul), which explains the overall productivity lag.
More than proportional to labour productivity, disposable income per household in Ankara was 32% higher compared to elsewhere in Turkey and only 1.4% below that in Istanbul in 2016.
Average household expenditure in Ankara (excluding housing and transport), at USD18,900 in 2016, was 19% higher in the city than in the rest of Turkey, yet at the same level as in Istanbul. Food expenditure in Ankara, at 8.1% greater than elsewhere in Turkey, was a mere 1.1% higher than in Istanbul in 2016. Among discretionary items, households in Ankara notably spent 37% more on recreation and culture than elsewhere in Turkey and 13% more than in Istanbul in 2016.
Altogether, household expenditure on housing and transport was 35% higher in Ankara compared to the average across the rest of the country in 2016. Transport spending was a massive 46% higher in Ankara compared to the rest of the country in 2016 (and by 24% when compared to Istanbul), mainly due to a higher motorisation rate in the city.
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