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With a population close to that of Australia, China's capital city Beijing is the country's most populous metropolis, second only to Shanghai. And yet it concentrated only 1.7% of the country's residents in 2016, generating 3.3% of its GDP. Immigration-driven demographic expansion provides a qualified labour force (hence economic growth), but also poses expansion-related issues. The central government plans to avoid environment-related issues by merging Beijing with Tianjin, and Hebei province.
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Beijing's labour productivity (or GVA per employee) was more than twice (115% higher) than in the rest of the country (RoC) in 2016. The city is home to a highly educated labour force, as 37% of the city's population aged 15+ achieved higher education, versus 11% elsewhere in the country.
Households in Beijing registered on average 75% greater average disposable income than in the rest of China in 2016. This was due to higher economic efficiency which boosts wages in the city and compensates for lower labour force participation (66% in Beijing versus 81% in the RoC).
Consumer spending per household (excluding transport and housing) in the city was 72% higher than in the RoC in 2016. The shares of transport and housing in total spending were similar, at 24-25%. Thanks to their greater incomes, households in Beijing allocate a smaller share of their budgets to food and non-alcoholic beverages (19% in Beijing versus 25% in the RoC in 2016), which leaves them with slightly larger shares to spend on recreation and culture (4.6% versus 3.2%) and education (2.4% versus 2.0%).
Combined per household expenditure on housing and transport in Beijing was 67% above the level elsewhere in the country in 2016. Particularly transport is more expensive in Beijing (120% more expensive in value terms) absorbing 9.7% of households' budgets, versus 7.5% in the RoC. The budget share allocated to housing is smaller than in the RoC (15% versus 17%).
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