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Johannesburg is an economically powerful city, controlling 15% of the country's GDP as of 2016. It is considered to be the most affluent metropolitan region in the country, with an average disposable household income of USD20,900. Johannesburg is seen as a leader in becoming a smart city focusing on sustainable urban development.
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Johannesburg's labour productivity, measured as gross value added (GVA) per employee, exceeded the figure for the rest of South Africa by 32% in 2016. The concentration of high-value-added business services in one of the world's key financial centres and a higher knowledge base pull up labour productivity in the city.
Higher labour productivity and a notably greater employment rate (52% in the city in 2016, versus 43% in the rest of the country) result in average disposable household income in the city being two times higher than in the rest of South Africa. However, income inequality in the city is extremely severe, with the city's Gini index being among the highest globally.
Higher disposable incomes in Johannesburg are followed by 63% higher per household consumer expenditure (excluding housing and transport) in the city compared to the rest of South Africa as of 2016. Among discretionary budget items, households in Johannesburg showed the greatest preference for education (+98%) and recreation and culture (+95%) compared to households in the remaining parts of the country in 2016.
Jointly, housing and transport required 90% greater household expenditure in Johannesburg compared to the rest of South Africa in 2016. High passenger car ownership in Johannesburg pushes transport costs up. Meanwhile, housing remains unaffordable due to a lack of long-term urban regeneration solutions.
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