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Montreal is the second largest city in Canada after Toronto, with a population of 4.1 million in 2016. Montreal generally lags behind Canada's other key cities of Toronto and Vancouver in many areas of development, featuring lower labour productivity and disposable incomes, as well as inferior levels of digitalisation. Nonetheless, Montreal is more affordable and is seeing significant tourist interest and an improvement in air quality.
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Heavy taxation, as well as strict language requirements in Quebec (a Canadian province with strong French roots), which preclude high-skilled immigration, suppress Montreal's labour productivity. As of 2016, Montreal's GVA per employee lagged behind the rest of the country's average by 11%.
Disposable income per household in Montreal is 11% behind the rest of Canada. Apart from its lower labour productivity, the city features a higher unemployment rate and a smaller average household size than elsewhere in the country.
Transport and housing excluded, households in Montreal spent 4.7% less compared with their counterparts in the rest of the country in 2016. Due to lower income levels, a greater share of the budget is spent on necessities (food and non-alcoholic beverages) and a lower proportion is devoted to many discretionary items in Montreal compared with the rest of the country.
In terms of city affordability, Montreal is well placed in Canada. Expenditure on housing and transport per household is 12% lower in the city than in the rest of the country. This is in contrast to Toronto and Vancouver, where costs of housing, in particular, eat up a notable part of household income.
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