Western Europe

This briefing provides a global perspective of the key trends occurring in cities over 2018 -2023. It goes on to provide forecast data and insights for cities over 2024-2040, covering areas such as the economic, population and consumer spending…

Technological advances in 2024 will continue to reshape consumer behaviour. This annual report explores the top five digital shopper trends that will redefine commerce the most in the year ahead. Some of the trends included in this report’s edition…

This report examines inflation levels and drivers globally and in key countries in Q4 2023 and 2024. Global inflation is moderating, although divergence remains among the key economies. Higher volatility in the energy markets and disruption of…

The global economy is facing weaker growth and increasing fragmentation, as a result of rising geopolitical tensions, especially due to the war in Ukraine and the US-China strategic rivalry. Protectionism, industrial policy and a focus on resilience…

Milan and Bologna stand out as Italy's most economically dynamic cities, with Bari displaying the greatest potential for future economic expansion. However, Italian cities will face enduring challenges. In the short term, these include a global…

Munich and Frankfurt am Main stand out as Germany's most economically dynamic cities, while Mannheim exhibits the greatest promise for future economic expansion. Nonetheless, cities in Germany will confront persistent challenges. In the short term,…

Lisbon and Porto stand out as Portugal’s most economically dynamic cities, while Braga shows the greatest potential for future economic development. Nonetheless, cities in Portugal will face ongoing challenges. In the short term, these include a…

Helsinki, Finland’s most populous city in 2022, continues to attract people seeking education and job opportunities. Following a brief urban exodus during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, cities like Helsinki are witnessing population growth,…

Oslo is projected to remain Norway’s most populous city by 2027, with a focus on education and employment opportunities. The urban population across Norway is predicted to grow, driven by factors like net migration and a better quality of life in…

Athens and Larissa stand out as Greece’s most economically dynamic cities, with Larissa demonstrating the greatest potential for future economic expansion. However, Greek cities will face enduring challenges. In the short term, this includes a global…

Vienna is set to remain Austria's most populous city by 2027 while Linz leads in disposable income per capita. Austria's cities boast high internet connectivity, paving the way for 5G network adoption and digital transformation. Salzburg, Graz and…

Zurich is projected to remain the most populous city and the leading city economically in 2027, driven by its strong consumer market and high disposable incomes. However, Lausanne faces challenges, with the highest inflation rate among major cities…

Madrid and Bilbao are vibrant economic hubs in Spain, while Palma de Mallorca is set to record the highest population increase between 2022 and 2027. Madrid and Palma de Mallorca are set to lead in digital connectivity among cities. Palma de Mallorca…

Cork and Limerick shine as Ireland’s most economically dynamic cities, with Limerick displaying the greatest potential for future economic expansion. Nonetheless, Irish cities will confront persistent challenges. In the short term, these encompass a…

Stockholm and Gothenburg are Sweden’s most economically vibrant cities. Meanwhile, Norrköping holds the highest potential for future economic growth. However, challenges for the country’s cities will persist – in the near term, the global economic…

Denmark’s urban landscape is evolving with demographic shifts and technological advancements. In 2022, Copenhagen remained a populous hub, embracing 5G and smart city solutions. Economic strength persists, but inflation challenges purchasing power.…

The UK’s most economically vibrant cities in terms of GDP per capita are London and Edinburgh, while Brighton has the highest potential for future economic growth. Portsmouth, on the other hand, is anticipated to experience the fastest increase in…

The Stockholm in Sweden report provides comprehensive city level information benchmarked against other cities in the country and region. The report includes historic data and forecasts on city population, consumer expenditure, digital penetration,…

The Izmir in Turkey report provides comprehensive city level information benchmarked against other cities in the country and region. The report includes historic data and forecasts on city population, consumer expenditure, digital penetration, wealth…

The Istanbul in Turkey report provides comprehensive city level information benchmarked against other cities in the country and region. The report includes historic data and forecasts on city population, consumer expenditure, digital penetration,…