Economy, Finance and Trade

Increased economic uncertainty, digitisation of business activities, the need to improve operational efficiency, and stricter regulations encourage companies to review their supply networks and fortify them against the potential risks in the future.…

The report examines the economic landscape of Norway and provides information on major monetary indicators, foreign trade, investments and government finance. The economy in Norway expanded in real terms in 2022, driven by increasing private…

Denmark's economy slowed down in 2022 due to global pressures and weaker consumer expenditure. The service sector is expected to drive future growth, with financial services, real estate, and business activities leading the way. Inflation is expected…

In 2022, Sweden's economic growth slowed down, due to decreasing domestic and external demand, as well as geopolitical tensions and energy price shocks. Inflationary pressure in Sweden is expected to decrease over the medium term, as commodity prices…

The global economy is forecast to slow considerably in 2023. This comes as businesses and consumers remain constrained by the adverse combination of persistent inflation and high interest rates. Amidst the sharp slowdown, growth prospects have…

This report provides a global overview of commodity market trends from 2017 through to 2022, including price forecasts up to 2024 for the key commodities in the Agriculture, Energy and Metals sectors. Insights analyse long-term global trends that can…

Global consumers are struggling with the cost of living crisis, as inflation remains high while household income growth lags. Consumers are adopting recessionary habits, such as trading down and being more selective in their spending. Rather than…

The UK's economy slowed down in 2022 due to weaker private consumption, as well as disrupted business activity due to strikes and labour shortages. Elevated inflationary pressure caused concerns about the cost of living and led to increased…

The Spanish economy experienced significant growth in 2022, buoyed by increasing private expenditure, a rebounding tourism sector, and a declining unemployment rate. While higher household energy costs were a concern, government assistance helped…

The economy in Ireland expanded in 2022, driven by increasing private consumption, strong exports, and external demand, allowing for a rapid recovery from the pandemic and energy crises. However, inflation pressures on real incomes and private…

Italy’s high public debt is a threat to stability and negatively affects economic freedom, but anti-corruption legislation has been reinforced. Economic growth is forecast to be subdued, as rising borrowing costs bite, and foreign investment is…

Although ‘mostly free’ for economic freedom and state finances have been improving, more corruption has been observed and its terrorism ranking has been deteriorating. Inflation is retreating, but economic growth is moderating, whilst energy import…

Relatively high taxes and a lack of fiscal discipline are negatively affecting economic freedom, whilst France is prone to significant social unrest. Economic momentum is slowing, as higher borrowing costs adversely impact investment and confidence,…

Spain is suffering from a bout of political instability and economic freedom has worsened. Although economic development is slowing down, it continues to attract foreign investors. However, high, albeit falling, inflation has taken its toll on…

Cities are hubs for spending, with 80% of expenditure expected to be generated by urban areas in 2023. Spending growth in 2023 will, however, be sluggish, as cost of living challenges force consumers to be more conservative in their expenditure. Over…

The global energy crisis has had far-reaching implications for consumers, businesses and entire economies, highlighting the importance of the global energy transition and boosting energy efficiency, while creating opportunities for innovation and…

Turkey is facing rising authoritarianism, along with the undermining of its secular society and democracy. Earthquakes in early 2023 are to negatively affect economic development considerably and increase state spending, whilst they have also clouded…

Whilst some aspects of economic freedom require improvement and corruption is growing, as is political instability, Belgium enjoys a strong rule of law. Inflation has been falling, but the economy is underperforming the peer average, although it is…

Switzerland is one of the world’s most democratic countries, with extensive economic freedom and strong state finances. Although inflation is under control, economic growth is set to slow further. Consumer market appeal continues to be supported by…

Although the tax burden is increasing, the Netherlands continues to enjoy significant economic freedom and solid state finances. High prices have negatively impacted economic momentum, but inflation is falling and unemployment is low. The quality of…