Income and Expenditure

Private label – retailers’ alternatives to brands – tend to benefit from inflation. However, despite record inflation in France, Germany and the UK, the market share of private label in the three countries remained broadly stable across FMCGs in…

Rapidly aging population and negative rate of natural change in Italy compensated by growing immigration and influx of refugees. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are…

Turkish consumer income is predicted to increase at a faster rate than in Western Europe over the period to 2027, although starting from lower initial levels. Middle-aged consumers are set to earn the most, due to better jobs and multiple income…

Inflationary pressures are expected to hinder real disposable income growth and diminish purchasing power in the near future. Nevertheless, the government is implementing measures to protect vulnerable households amidst the cost-of-living crisis.…

In the coming years, inflation in the Netherlands is expected to decrease and consumer incomes and expenditures to grow, driven by robust long-term economic and technological development. The expansion of the middle class is expected, while income…