Income and Expenditure

Rapidly aging population and negative rate of natural change in Italy compensated by growing immigration and influx of refugees. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are…

The UK’s population is ageing, and more people are choosing to live child-free. By 2040, Millennials (aged 45-60 years) will be the largest demographic, surpassing Baby Boomers. To cope with rising costs, consumers actively seek bargains, although…

Inflationary pressures are expected to hinder real disposable income growth and diminish purchasing power in the near future. Nevertheless, the government is implementing measures to protect vulnerable households amidst the cost-of-living crisis.…

In the upcoming years, consumers and businesses face an array of challenges, with income inequality, mass migration and rising uncertainty about another crisis being among the major ones. Nevertheless, within this lie untapped opportunities. This…

Denmark’s per capita gross income is predicted to rise over 2022-2027, with Late Lifers driving luxury spending. Income inequality is predicted to increase moderately, and social class D will expand. Meanwhile, housing expenses are increasing and…

Germany experiences a continuous flow of immigrants that supports its population, and its businesses are embracing greater diversity and inclusivity. The impacts of the pandemic on consumer trends and spending habits are still evident in 2022, with a…

Sweden’s economic trajectory projects an increase in per capita gross income over 2022-2027, shaped by Late Lifers’ dominance in the top income band. The current moderate income inequality is forecast to grow. Rising housing costs and evolving…

Private label – retailers’ alternatives to brands – tend to benefit from inflation. However, despite record inflation in France, Germany and the UK, the market share of private label in the three countries remained broadly stable across FMCGs in…

The Danish population is expanding due to an influx of immigrants, while businesses are becoming more diverse and inclusive. Consumer trends and consumption patterns sparked by the pandemic are still observed in 2022, and consumers are increasingly…

Portugal's per capita income will notably rise. Later Lifers will lead luxury spending. Despite a projected decrease in income inequality, it will remain high in global terms. Social class C will grow rapidly, while social class D remains dominant.…

In 2022, Sweden experienced population growth, driven by increased immigration, notably from Ukrainian citizens seeking refuge due to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Millennials became the largest generational cohort, shaping consumer behaviour with…

By 2040, Spain’s consumer landscape is set to be dominated by childless households, as the fertility rate declines owing to the population continuing to age. Consumers continue to seek bargains, with almost half switching to private label in 2022.…

Norway is expected to experience economic growth and increased per capita income over 2022-2027, with growing savings per capita. Later Lifers are predicted to be the highest earners by 2027, impacting luxury spending trends. Income inequality is…

Persisting inflationary pressure is expected to constrain the purchasing power of the German consumers resulting in a slowdown in discretionary spending growth. Nevertheless, in the long term, consumer incomes are set to grow due to rising…

Greece's per capita income is set to rise, driven by Later Lifers influencing luxury spending. Despite an increase in income inequality, it will remain high in global terms. Social class E will grow rapidly, while social class D will remain…

Ireland is expected to experience economic growth and increased per capita income over 2022-2027. Later Lifers are projected to dominate the top income group, influencing luxury spending. While income inequality is forecast to increase, poverty rates…

In 2022, a recovering tourism sector and lower unemployment rates boosted consumer incomes, while government aid has alleviated the impact of rising energy costs. However, medium-term income growth is predicted to be modest. In 2027, the population…

Austrian incomes remain among the highest in Western Europe. However, the government responded to the challenges posed by soaring inflation in 2022 by implementing a substantial anti-inflation relief package to assist those most affected. Going…

Income growth in Finland is anticipated to be sluggish due to subdued economic growth, although it is expected to maintain a high standing within the EU context. As the lowest income class experiences the fastest expansion among all income classes,…

In the upcoming years, consumers and businesses face an array of challenges, with rising income inequality being among the key ones. Nevertheless, addressing the income inequality through catering to the Bottom of the Pyramid and the Middle Class…