Retail in Poland

March 2023
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Overview:

Understand the latest market trends and future growth opportunities for the Retailing industry in Poland with research from Euromonitor International's team of in-country analysts – experts by industry and geographic specialisation.

Key trends are clearly and succinctly summarised alongside the most current research data available. Understand and assess competitive threats and plan corporate strategy with our qualitative analysis, insight and confident growth projections.

Data and analysis in this report provides further detailed coverage dedicated to the following key categories, where applicable:

  • Convenience Stores
  • Discounters
  • Hypermarkets
  • Supermarkets
  • Traditional Grocery Retailers
  • Apparel and Footwear Specialist Retailers
  • Electronics and Appliance Specialist Retailers
  • Health and Beauty Specialist Retailers
  • Home and Garden Specialist Retailers
  • Department Stores
  • Variety Stores
  • Warehouse Clubs
  • Direct Selling
  • Homeshopping
  • Vending

If you're in the Retailing industry in Poland, our research will help you to make informed, intelligent decisions; to recognise and profit from opportunity, or to offer resilience amidst market uncertainty.

The Retailing in Poland report includes:

  • Analysis of key supply-side and demand trends
  • Detailed segmentation of international and local products
  • Historic volume and value sizes, company and brand market shares
  • Five year forecasts of market trends and market growth
  • Robust and transparent research methodology, conducted in-country

This report answers:

  • What is the market size of Retailing in Poland?
  • Which are the leading retailers in Retailing in Poland?
  • How are products distributed in Retailing in Poland?
  • How is the rise of e-commerce and the expansion of modern grocery retail impacting traditional retail?
  • How significant are discounters and private label in Poland?
  • How has the impact of COVID-19 and national lockdown impacted consumer demand?
  • Which formats have benefited the most from stockpiling and enforced home seclusion?
  • How will the wider economic impact of COVID-19 shape the retail landscape in the future?
  • Where is future growth expected to be most dynamic?
Download Table of Contents

Retail in Poland

Retail in 2022: The big picture
Proximity shopping trend continues to fuel development of new retail parks
Retailers explore new ways to circumvent the ban on Sunday trading
What next for retail?
Informal retail
Opening hours for physical retail
Summary 1 Standard Opening Hours by Channel Type 2022
Seasonality
Christmas
Easter
Table 1 Sales in Retail by Retail Offline vs Retail E-Commerce: Value 2017-2022
Table 2 Sales in Retail by Retail Offline vs Retail E-Commerce: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 3 Sales in Retail Offline by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 4 Sales in Retail Offline by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 5 Retail Offline Outlets by Channel: Units 2017-2022
Table 6 Retail Offline Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2017-2022
Table 7 Sales in Retail E-Commerce by Product: Value 2017-2022
Table 8 Sales in Retail E-Commerce by Product: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 9 Grocery Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 10 Grocery Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 11 Sales in Grocery Retailers by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 12 Sales in Grocery Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 13 Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: Units 2017-2022
Table 14 Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2017-2022
Table 15 Non-Grocery Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 16 Non-Grocery Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 17 Sales in Non-Grocery Retailers by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 18 Sales in Non-Grocery Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 19 Non-Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: Units 2017-2022
Table 20 Non-Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2017-2022
Table 21 Retail GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 22 Retail GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 23 Retail Offline GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 24 Retail Offline GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 25 Retail Offline LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 26 Retail E-Commerce GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 27 Retail E-Commerce GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 28 Grocery Retailers GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 29 Grocery Retailers GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 30 Grocery Retailers LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 31 Non-Grocery Retailers GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 32 Non-Grocery Retailers GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 33 Non-Grocery Retailers LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 34 Forecast Sales in Retail by Retail Offline vs Retail E-Commerce: Value 2022-2027
Table 35 Forecast Sales in Retail by Retail Offline vs Retail E-Commerce: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 36 Forecast Sales in Retail Offline by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 37 Forecast Sales in Retail Offline by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 38 Forecast Retail Offline Outlets by Channel: Units 2022-2027
Table 39 Forecast Retail Offline Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2022-2027
Table 40 Forecast Sales in Retail E-Commerce by Product: Value 2022-2027
Table 41 Forecast Sales in Retail E-Commerce by Product: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 42 Grocery Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 43 Grocery Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 44 Forecast Sales in Grocery Retailers by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 45 Forecast Sales in Grocery Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 46 Forecast Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: Units 2022-2027
Table 47 Forecast Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2022-2027
Table 48 Non-Grocery Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 49 Non-Grocery Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 50 Forecast Sales in Non-Grocery Retailers by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 51 Forecast Sales in Non-Grocery Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 52 Forecast Non-Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: Units 2022-2027
Table 53 Forecast Non-Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2022-2027

DISCLAIMER

Summary 2 Research Sources

Convenience Retailers in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Independent small local grocers continue to join convenience stores chains
Zabka remains to the fore in adopting smarter and more sustainable solutions
Easing of the pandemic and influx of refugees boost trade for forecourt retailers
Saturation and rising costs will slow growth in convenience stores outlet numbers
Forecourt retailers chains likely to deepen partnerships with petrol station operators
Automation trend expected to gain momentum in convenience stores
Table 54 Convenience Retail: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 55 Convenience Retail: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 56 Sales in Convenience Retailers by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 57 Sales in Convenience Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 58 Convenience Retail GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 59 Convenience Retail GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 60 Convenience Retail LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 61 Convenience Retail Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 62 Convenience Retail Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 63 Forecast Sales in Convenience Retailers by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 64 Forecast Sales in Convenience Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Supermarkets in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Supermarkets well placed to tap into increased tendency of Poles to cook at home
Leading player Dino continues to rapidly expand its outlet network
Focus on online sales recedes somewhat with the easing of the pandemic
Supermarkets will continue to benefit from growing preference for proximity shopping
Competition from discounters expected to intensify
Intermarché set to trial new “proximity” format
Table 65 Supermarkets: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 66 Supermarkets: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 67 Supermarkets GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 68 Supermarkets GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 69 Supermarkets LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 70 Supermarkets Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 71 Supermarkets Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Hypermarkets in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Withdrawal of Tesco undermines overall performance of hypermarkets
Competition from discounters and convenience stores continues to intensify
Strength of private label offers help chains to weather challenging trading conditions
Hypermarkets will continue losing ground to other modern grocery retailers channels
Carrefour likely to further develop its franchise business and store-in-store concept
Leading chains will seek to leverage pricing and private label advantages
Table 72 Hypermarkets: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 73 Hypermarkets: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 74 Hypermarkets GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 75 Hypermarkets GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 76 Hypermarkets LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 77 Hypermarkets Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 78 Hypermarkets Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Discounters in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Discounters benefit from heightened budget-consciousness among Poles
Chains explore other options for Sunday trading after postal loophole is closed
Discounters continue to strengthen their e-commerce capabilities
Increased caution around spending will continue to favour discounters
Home cooking trend should encourage expansion of ready meal offers
Netto and Vollmart expected to gain ground
Table 79 Discounters: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 80 Discounters: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 81 Discounters GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 82 Discounters GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 83 Discounters LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 84 Discounters Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 85 Discounters Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Small Local Grocers in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Spike in inflation compounds long-term challenges faced by small local grocers
Foods/drink/tobacco specialists pose growing competitive threat
Number of formerly independent stores joining chains continues to rise
Declining trend set to persist throughout the forecast period
High inflation will continue to pose major problems in the short-to-medium term
Diversification may help some players to strengthen their competitiveness
Table 86 Small Local Grocers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 87 Small Local Grocers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 88 Small Local Grocers GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 89 Small Local Grocers GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 90 Small Local Grocers LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 91 Small Local Grocers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 92 Small Local Grocers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

General Merchandise Stores in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Increased budget-consciousness among consumers favours variety stores
Retail parks a focal point as variety stores chains pursue rapid expansion plans
Popularity of department stores continues to decline
Growth in variety stores current value sales likely to slow but remain robust overall
Leading variety stores chains will continue expanding outlet networks
Rising costs will exacerbate long-term problems faced by department stores
Table 93 General Merchandise Stores: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 94 General Merchandise Stores: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 95 Sales in General Merchandise Stores by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 96 Sales in General Merchandise Stores by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 97 General Merchandise Stores GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 98 General Merchandise Stores GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 99 General Merchandise Stores LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 100 General Merchandise Stores Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 101 General Merchandise Stores Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 102 Forecast Sales in General Merchandise Stores by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 103 Forecast Sales in General Merchandise Stores by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Apparel and Footwear Specialists in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Inflationary pressures boost current value growth but subdue trade
Outlet numbers decline amidst soaring operating costs
Apparel and footwear specialists continue to strengthen omnichannel capabilities
Outlet numbers set to decline throughout the forecast period
Operators will continue to favour retail parks over shopping centres and high streets
Growing trade in second-hand items will increase focus on sustainability credentials
Table 104 Apparel and Footwear Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 105 Apparel and Footwear Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 106 Apparel and Footwear Specialists GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 107 Apparel and Footwear Specialists GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 108 Apparel and Footwear Specialists LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 109 Apparel and Footwear Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 110 Apparel and Footwear Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Appliances and Electronics Specialists in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Trade subdued by rising cost of living and slowdown in housing construction
Channel continues to lose ground to e-commerce platforms
Remote working and digital TV switchover boost demand for some product types
Downturn in trade expected to persist over 2023-2024
Outlet numbers set to continue declining as more purchases move online
Leading players expected to consolidate their positions
Table 111 Appliances and Electronics Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 112 Appliances and Electronics Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 113 Appliances and Electronics Specialists GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 114 Appliances and Electronics Specialists GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 115 Appliances and Electronics Specialists LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 116 Appliances and Electronics Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 117 Appliances and Electronics Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Home Products Specialists in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Soaring inflation curbs spending on home renovation and interior design projects
Leading players develop new concepts and services
Homewares and home furnishing stores chains enhance sustainability credentials
Trading conditions likely to remain challenging in the short-to-medium term
Investment in omnichannel strategies set to continue rising
Black Red White expected to profit from partnership with XXXLutz Group
Table 118 Home Products Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 119 Home Products Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 120 Sales in Home Products Specialists by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 121 Sales in Home Products Specialists by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 122 Home Products Specialists GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 123 Home Products Specialists GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 124 Home Products Specialists LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 125 Home Products Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 126 Home Products Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 127 Forecast Sales in Home Products Specialists by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 128 Forecast Sales in Home Products Specialists by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Health and Beauty Specialists in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Return to pre-pandemic lifestyles and influx of refugees bolster current value sales
Cost increases and trading down by consumers squeeze profit margins
German chain dm-Drogerie Markt enters Poland
Rising health- and image-consciousness among Poles will continue to boost trade
Strict regulation likely to cause further declines in pharmacies outlet numbers
Competition from e-commerce and other store-based retailers set to intensify
Table 129 Health and Beauty Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 130 Health and Beauty Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 131 Sales in Health and Beauty Specialists by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 132 Sales in Health and Beauty Specialists by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 133 Health and Beauty Specialists GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 134 Health and Beauty Specialists GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 135 Health and Beauty Specialists LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 136 Health and Beauty Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 137 Health and Beauty Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 138 Forecast Sales in Health and Beauty Specialists by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 139 Forecast Sales in Health and Beauty Specialists by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Vending in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Current value growth dips but trade remains buoyant on the whole
Hello Coffee launches New Café concept in hot drinks vending
Assortment of product types available via vending machines becomes more diverse
Vending will continue to benefit from busier lifestyles and further diversification
More store-based retailers likely to utilise vending machines
Sustainability concerns set to gain influence over company strategies
Table 140 Vending by Product: Value 2017-2022
Table 141 Vending by Product: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 142 Vending GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 143 Vending GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 144 Vending Forecasts by Product: Value 2022-2027
Table 145 Vending Forecasts by Product: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Direct Selling in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Direct selling companies continue to strengthen their online presence
Home care and consumer appliances direct selling grow fastest in value terms
More Poles become independent direct selling representatives
Outlook for direct selling is broadly favourable
Economic factors and regulatory volatility could temper growth potential
Investment in digital sales and marketing strategies set to remain high
Table 146 Direct Selling by Product: Value 2017-2022
Table 147 Direct Selling by Product: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 148 Direct Selling GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 149 Direct Selling GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 150 Direct Selling Forecasts by Product: Value 2022-2027
Table 151 Direct Selling Forecasts by Product: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Retail E-Commerce in Poland

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Pandemic-induced changes accelerate development of retail e-commerce
Deferred payment options continue to gain popularity
Demands for convenience stimulate greater focus on delivery times and mobile apps
Retail e-commerce set to continue expanding at an impressive pace
Online trade in second-hand goods expected to increase
Local player Allegro likely to remain the clear leader among third party marketplaces
Table 152 Retail E-Commerce by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 153 Retail E-Commerce by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 154 Retail E-Commerce by Product: Value 2017-2022
Table 155 Retail E-Commerce by Product: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 156 Retail E-Commerce GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 157 Retail E-Commerce GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 158 Forecast Retail E-Commerce by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 159 Forecast Retail E-Commerce by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 160 Forecast Retail E-Commerce by Product: Value 2022-2027
Table 161 Forecast Retail E-Commerce by Product: % Value Growth 2022-2027
The following categories and subcategories are included:

Retailing

      • Fashion Vending
      • Health and Beauty Vending
      • Appliances and Electronics Vending
        • Alcoholic Drinks Vending
        • Hot Drinks Vending
        • Soft Drinks Vending
        • Tobacco Products Vending
      • Foods Vending
      • Home Products Vending
      • Other Products Vending
        • Apparel and Footwear Direct Selling
        • Personal Accessories Direct Selling
        • Eyewear Direct Selling
        • Beauty and Personal Care Direct Selling
        • Consumer Health Direct Selling
        • Tissue and Hygiene Direct Selling
        • Consumer Appliances Direct Selling
        • Consumer Electronics Direct Selling
        • Toys and Games Direct Selling
      • Drinks and Tobacco Direct Selling
      • Foods Direct Selling
        • Home Care Direct Selling
        • Home and Garden Direct Selling
        • Pet Care Direct Selling
      • Other Products Direct Selling
        • Apparel and Footwear E-Commerce
        • Personal Accessories E-Commerce
        • Eyewear E-Commerce
        • Beauty and Personal Care E-Commerce
        • Consumer Health E-Commerce
        • Tissue and Hygiene E-Commerce
        • Consumer Appliances E-Commerce
        • Consumer Electronics E-Commerce
        • Toys and Games E-Commerce
      • Drinks and Tobacco E-Commerce
      • Foods E-Commerce
        • Home Care E-Commerce
        • Home and Garden E-Commerce
        • Pet Care E-Commerce
      • Other Products E-Commerce
        • First-Party (1P) Marketplace E-Commerce
        • Third-Party (3P) Marketplace E-Commerce
      • Grocery E-Commerce
      • General Merchandiser E-Commerce
      • Apparel and Footwear Specialist E-Commerce
      • Appliances and Electronics Specialist E-Commerce
      • Home Products Specialist E-Commerce
      • Health and Beauty Specialist E-Commerce
      • Leisure and Personal Goods Specialist E-Commerce
      • Other E-Commerce Retailers

Retailing

Retail is the sale of new and used goods to consumers from a business for personal or household consumption from retail outlets, kiosks, market stalls, vending, direct selling and e-commerce. Retail is the aggregation of Retail Offline and Retail E-Commerce. Excludes specialist retailers of motor vehicles, motorcycles, vehicle parts. Also excludes fuel sales, foodservice sales, rental transactions, and wholesale sales (e.g. Cash and Carry). Sales value excluding or including VAT/Sales Tax. Retail also excludes the informal retail sector. Informal retailing is retail trade which is not declared to the tax authorities. Informal retailing encompasses (a) sales generated by unregistered and unlicensed retailers, i.e. retailers operating illegally, and (b) any proportion of sales generated by a registered and licensed retailer that is not declared to the tax authorities. Unregistered and unlicensed retailers operate predominantly (although not exclusively) as street hawkers or operate open market stalls, as these channels are harder for the authorities to monitor than permanent outlets. Activities in the illegal market, which is usually understood to refer to trade in illegal, counterfeit or stolen merchandise, are included within our definition of informal retailing. Activities in the “grey market”, which is usually understood to refer to trade in legal merchandise that is sold through unauthorized channels – for example cigarettes bought legally in another country, legally imported, but sold at lower prices than in authorized channels – will be included as informal retailing if no tax is paid on sale by the retailer. However if the retailer pays tax – for example on cigarettes bought legally in another country but sold at a lower price than standard – the sale is included within formal retail.

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