Retail in the Netherlands

March 2023
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Overview:

Understand the latest market trends and future growth opportunities for the Retailing industry in Netherlands with research from Euromonitor International's team of in-country analysts – experts by industry and geographic specialisation.

Key trends are clearly and succinctly summarised alongside the most current research data available. Understand and assess competitive threats and plan corporate strategy with our qualitative analysis, insight and confident growth projections.

Data and analysis in this report provides further detailed coverage dedicated to the following key categories, where applicable:

  • Convenience Stores
  • Discounters
  • Hypermarkets
  • Supermarkets
  • Traditional Grocery Retailers
  • Apparel and Footwear Specialist Retailers
  • Electronics and Appliance Specialist Retailers
  • Health and Beauty Specialist Retailers
  • Home and Garden Specialist Retailers
  • Department Stores
  • Variety Stores
  • Warehouse Clubs
  • Direct Selling
  • Homeshopping
  • Vending

If you're in the Retailing industry in Netherlands, our research will help you to make informed, intelligent decisions; to recognise and profit from opportunity, or to offer resilience amidst market uncertainty.

The Retailing in Netherlands report includes:

  • Analysis of key supply-side and demand trends
  • Detailed segmentation of international and local products
  • Historic volume and value sizes, company and brand market shares
  • Five year forecasts of market trends and market growth
  • Robust and transparent research methodology, conducted in-country

This report answers:

  • What is the market size of Retailing in Netherlands?
  • Which are the leading retailers in Retailing in Netherlands?
  • How are products distributed in Retailing in Netherlands?
  • How is the rise of e-commerce and the expansion of modern grocery retail impacting traditional retail?
  • How significant are discounters and private label in Netherlands?
  • How has the impact of COVID-19 and national lockdown impacted consumer demand?
  • Which formats have benefited the most from stockpiling and enforced home seclusion?
  • How will the wider economic impact of COVID-19 shape the retail landscape in the future?
  • Where is future growth expected to be most dynamic?
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Retail in the Netherlands

Retail in 2022: The big picture
The extreme rise in costs hit retailers hard
Brick-and-mortar retailers recover as e-commerce records a decline
What next for retail?
Informal retail
Opening hours for physical retail
Summary 1 Standard Opening Hours by Channel Type 2022
Seasonality
Sinterklaas (St Nicholas)
Christmas
Winter sales
Summer sales
Table 1 Sales in Retail by Retail Offline vs Retail E-Commerce: Value 2017-2022
Table 2 Sales in Retail by Retail Offline vs Retail E-Commerce: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 3 Sales in Retail Offline by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 4 Sales in Retail Offline by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 5 Retail Offline Outlets by Channel: Units 2017-2022
Table 6 Retail Offline Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2017-2022
Table 7 Sales in Retail E-Commerce by Product: Value 2017-2022
Table 8 Sales in Retail E-Commerce by Product: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 9 Grocery Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 10 Grocery Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 11 Sales in Grocery Retailers by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 12 Sales in Grocery Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 13 Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: Units 2017-2022
Table 14 Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2017-2022
Table 15 Non-Grocery Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 16 Non-Grocery Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 17 Sales in Non-Grocery Retailers by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 18 Sales in Non-Grocery Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 19 Non-Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: Units 2017-2022
Table 20 Non-Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2017-2022
Table 21 Retail GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 22 Retail GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 23 Retail Offline GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 24 Retail Offline GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 25 Retail Offline LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 26 Retail E-Commerce GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 27 Retail E-Commerce GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 28 Grocery Retailers GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 29 Grocery Retailers GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 30 Grocery Retailers LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 31 Non-Grocery Retailers GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 32 Non-Grocery Retailers GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 33 Non-Grocery Retailers LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 34 Forecast Sales in Retail by Retail Offline vs Retail E-Commerce: Value 2022-2027
Table 35 Forecast Sales in Retail by Retail Offline vs Retail E-Commerce: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 36 Forecast Sales in Retail Offline by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 37 Forecast Sales in Retail Offline by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 38 Forecast Retail Offline Outlets by Channel: Units 2022-2027
Table 39 Forecast Retail Offline Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2022-2027
Table 40 Forecast Sales in Retail E-Commerce by Product: Value 2022-2027
Table 41 Forecast Sales in Retail E-Commerce by Product: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 42 Grocery Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 43 Grocery Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 44 Forecast Sales in Grocery Retailers by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 45 Forecast Sales in Grocery Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 46 Forecast Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: Units 2022-2027
Table 47 Forecast Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2022-2027
Table 48 Non-Grocery Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 49 Non-Grocery Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 50 Forecast Sales in Non-Grocery Retailers by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 51 Forecast Sales in Non-Grocery Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 52 Forecast Non-Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: Units 2022-2027
Table 53 Forecast Non-Grocery Retailers Outlets by Channel: % Unit Growth 2022-2027

DISCLAIMER

Summary 2 Research Sources

Convenience Retailers in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Convenience retailers records a modest recovery following COVID-19
Convenience stores sales remain static, due to opposing trends
Spar blurs retail and foodservice with its Spar Foodclub concept
Modest growth boosted by on-the-go consumption, retailing and foodservice
Spar is set to invest in expanding its outlet numbers further
Convenience store brands will look for partnerships with the major forecourt retailers
Table 54 Convenience Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 55 Convenience Retailers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 56 Sales in Convenience Retailers by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 57 Sales in Convenience Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 58 Convenience Retailers GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 59 Convenience Retailers GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 60 Convenience Retailers LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 61 Convenience Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 62 Convenience Retailers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 63 Forecast Sales in Convenience Retailers by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 64 Forecast Sales in Convenience Retailers by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Supermarkets in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

The cost of living crisis drives consumers away from supermarkets to discounters
Consumers become confident visiting multiple grocery retailers
Plus and Coop merge to become a strong number three
Modest growth for supermarkets after a minor decline in the early forecast period
Further consolidation is set to boost growth on the supermarket landscape
Table 65 Supermarkets: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 66 Supermarkets: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 67 Supermarkets GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 68 Supermarkets GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 69 Supermarkets LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 70 Supermarkets Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 71 Supermarkets Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Hypermarkets in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Hypermarkets suffer as consumers preference retailers at close proximity
Minimal growth for hypermarkets as consumers face the pressure of inflation
Jumbo Supermarkten BV continues to invest in new hypermarket concepts
Spending per outlet is set to see a decline in 2023 as price sensitivity remains
Hypermarkets open across the forecast period, however, locations are a challenge
Albert Heijn will dominate, but competitors are looking to open new outlets
Table 72 Hypermarkets: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 73 Hypermarkets: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 74 Hypermarkets GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 75 Hypermarkets GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 76 Hypermarkets LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 77 Hypermarkets Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 78 Hypermarkets Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Discounters in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

As price sensitivity increases, the cost of living crisis drives growth of discounters
Aldi revamps its outlets and invests in marketing to become more competitive
Aldi and Lidl showcase sustainable credentials, improving brand reputations
Consumers' price-conscious behaviour boosts share across the early forecast period
Renovations and image improvements to drive further growth for discounters
Discounters adopt new technologies to increase efficiency and attract consumers
Table 79 Discounters: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 80 Discounters: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 81 Discounters GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 82 Discounters GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 83 Discounters LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 84 Discounters Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 85 Discounters Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Small Local Grocers in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Small local grocers face challenges as price-sensitivity rises
Small food retailers suffer as business costs rise, and consumers trade down
Drinks specialists perform relatively well compared to the expense of on-trade
Small local grocers record lower sales as consumers migrate to cheaper options
Inflation places ongoing pressure on health-oriented retailers
Ambitious tobacco plans are set to limit growth for Primera and Cigo
Table 86 Small Local Grocers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 87 Small Local Grocers: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 88 Small Local Grocers GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 89 Small Local Grocers GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 90 Small Local Grocers LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 91 Small Local Grocers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 92 Small Local Grocers Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

General Merchandise Stores in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Department stores record strong growth, but value sales fail to reach pre-pandemic levels
Department store Hema responds to the success of variety store Action
De Bijenkorf reduces its stores and puts focus on its e-commerce strategy
Retail value sales remain relatively stable, but price points remain high
The cost of living crisis leads to strong competition within general merchandise stores
Tourism helps De Bijenkorf department stores to limit its losses
Table 93 General Merchandise Stores: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 94 General Merchandise Stores: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 95 Sales in General Merchandise Stores by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 96 Sales in General Merchandise Stores by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 97 General Merchandise Stores GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 98 General Merchandise Stores GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 99 General Merchandise Stores LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 100 General Merchandise Stores Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 101 General Merchandise Stores Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 102 Forecast Sales in General Merchandise Stores by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 103 Forecast Sales in General Merchandise Stores by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Apparel and Footwear Specialists in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Rising price-points impact apparel and footwear specialists despite increasing footfall
The rising popularity of e-commerce causes a negative trend in outlet numbers
C&A faces challenges amid the success of Primark, H&M and Zara
Inflation, e-commerce and competition from fast fashion dampens sales
Retailers find a balance between rising prices and retaining consumers
E-commerce and second-hand platforms challenge the performance of retailers
Table 104 Apparel and Footwear Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 105 Apparel and Footwear Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 106 Apparel and Footwear Specialists GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 107 Apparel and Footwear Specialists GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 108 Apparel and Footwear Specialists LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 109 Apparel and Footwear Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 110 Apparel and Footwear Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Appliances and Electronics Specialists in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Inflation drives value growth of appliances and electronics specialists
Outlets reduce as consumers migrate to e-commerce to obtain better price points
Coolblue leads the way when it comes to superior customer service
Negative outlook as intense competition from online players dampens sales
Players look to the success of others to replicate business models
Industry players focusing on services and sustainability
Table 111 Appliances and Electronics Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 112 Appliances and Electronics Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 113 Appliances and Electronics Specialists GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 114 Appliances and Electronics Specialists GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 115 Appliances and Electronics Specialists LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 116 Appliances and Electronics Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 117 Appliances and Electronics Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027

Home Products Specialists in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Out-of-home entertainment rises, decreasing interest in home improvements
Home product specialists experience intense competition from e-commerce
Intergamma BV maintains its lead over Ikea in 2022
The slump in the housing market has a negative impact on home products sales
Players invest in e-commerce, becoming major competitors to brick-and-mortar stores
Sales for homewares and home furnishing stores will be under pressure
Table 118 Home Products Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 119 Home Products Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 120 Sales in Home Products Specialists by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 121 Sales in Home Products Specialists by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 122 Home Products Specialists GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 123 Home Products Specialists GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 124 Home Products Specialists LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 125 Home Products Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 126 Home Products Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 127 Forecast Sales in Home Products Specialists by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 128 Forecast Sales in Home Products Specialists by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Health and Beauty Specialists in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Health and beauty specialists recover as footfall increases in stores
Health and beauty specialists decline as the omnichannel model rises
GrandVision Benelux launches Pearle Studio outlets for wealthier clients
Demographic changes boost the growth of health and beauty specialists
Beauty specialists will see delayed recovery due to the cost of living crisis
Growing competition from e-commerce retailers challenges sales
Table 129 Health and Beauty Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2017-2022
Table 130 Health and Beauty Specialists: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2017-2022
Table 131 Sales in Health and Beauty Specialists by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 132 Sales in Health and Beauty Specialists by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 133 Health and Beauty Specialists GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 134 Health and Beauty Specialists GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 135 Health and Beauty Specialists LBN Brand Shares: Outlets 2019-2022
Table 136 Health and Beauty Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space 2022-2027
Table 137 Health and Beauty Specialists Forecasts: Value Sales, Outlets and Selling Space: % Growth 2022-2027
Table 138 Forecast Sales in Health and Beauty Specialists by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 139 Forecast Sales in Health and Beauty Specialists by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Vending in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Double-digit growth as consumer movement boosts sales through vending
Sales are challenged by increasing competition from kiosks and convenience stores
The ban on tobacco products limits the recovery of vending
Ongoing footfall drives sales; however, rising competition challenges growth
Increased interest in health puts negative pressure on food and drink vending
The landscape remains dominated by large players in beverage and food vending
Table 140 Vending by Product: Value 2017-2022
Table 141 Vending by Product: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 142 Vending GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 143 Vending GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 144 Vending Forecasts by Product: Value 2022-2027
Table 145 Vending Forecasts by Product: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Direct Selling in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Minor decline in direct selling as consumers seek advice and products from stores
Personal care and consumer health drive growth on the landscape
An increase in distributors and sellers boosts growth for 2022
Negative outlook for the early forecast period as price-sensitivity rises
Health and beauty direct selling will remain dominant on the landscape.
Digitalisation to drive continued growth across the forecast period
Table 146 Direct Selling by Product: Value 2017-2022
Table 147 Direct Selling by Product: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 148 Direct Selling GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 149 Direct Selling GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 150 Direct Selling Forecasts by Product: Value 2022-2027
Table 151 Direct Selling Forecasts by Product: % Value Growth 2022-2027

Retail E-Commerce in the Netherlands

KEY DATA FINDINGS

Lower e-commerce growth in 2022 following heightened sales during COVID-19
JD.com subsidiary Ochama opens robotic shops in the Netherlands
Growth of Q-commerce under pressure due to changes in consumer sentiment
Sales decline as price-sensitivity increases, however, growth is set to follow
Ochama aims for fast expansion, but critics remain unconvinced
The future is uncertain for Q-commerce as consumers loyalty wanes
Table 152 Retail E-Commerce by Channel: Value 2017-2022
Table 153 Retail E-Commerce by Channel: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 154 Retail E-Commerce by Product: Value 2017-2022
Table 155 Retail E-Commerce by Product: % Value Growth 2017-2022
Table 156 Retail E-Commerce GBO Company Shares: % Value 2018-2022
Table 157 Retail E-Commerce GBN Brand Shares: % Value 2019-2022
Table 158 Forecast Retail E-Commerce by Channel: Value 2022-2027
Table 159 Forecast Retail E-Commerce by Channel: % Value Growth 2022-2027
Table 160 Forecast Retail E-Commerce by Product: Value 2022-2027
Table 161 Forecast Retail E-Commerce by Product: % Value Growth 2022-2027
The following categories and subcategories are included:

Retailing

      • Fashion Vending
      • Health and Beauty Vending
      • Appliances and Electronics Vending
        • Alcoholic Drinks Vending
        • Hot Drinks Vending
        • Soft Drinks Vending
        • Tobacco Products Vending
      • Foods Vending
      • Home Products Vending
      • Other Products Vending
        • Apparel and Footwear Direct Selling
        • Personal Accessories Direct Selling
        • Eyewear Direct Selling
        • Beauty and Personal Care Direct Selling
        • Consumer Health Direct Selling
        • Tissue and Hygiene Direct Selling
        • Consumer Appliances Direct Selling
        • Consumer Electronics Direct Selling
        • Toys and Games Direct Selling
      • Drinks and Tobacco Direct Selling
      • Foods Direct Selling
        • Home Care Direct Selling
        • Home and Garden Direct Selling
        • Pet Care Direct Selling
      • Other Products Direct Selling
        • Apparel and Footwear E-Commerce
        • Personal Accessories E-Commerce
        • Eyewear E-Commerce
        • Beauty and Personal Care E-Commerce
        • Consumer Health E-Commerce
        • Tissue and Hygiene E-Commerce
        • Consumer Appliances E-Commerce
        • Consumer Electronics E-Commerce
        • Toys and Games E-Commerce
      • Drinks and Tobacco E-Commerce
      • Foods E-Commerce
        • Home Care E-Commerce
        • Home and Garden E-Commerce
        • Pet Care E-Commerce
      • Other Products E-Commerce
        • First-Party (1P) Marketplace E-Commerce
        • Third-Party (3P) Marketplace E-Commerce
      • Grocery E-Commerce
      • General Merchandiser E-Commerce
      • Apparel and Footwear Specialist E-Commerce
      • Appliances and Electronics Specialist E-Commerce
      • Home Products Specialist E-Commerce
      • Health and Beauty Specialist E-Commerce
      • Leisure and Personal Goods Specialist E-Commerce
      • Other E-Commerce Retailers

Retailing

Retail is the sale of new and used goods to consumers from a business for personal or household consumption from retail outlets, kiosks, market stalls, vending, direct selling and e-commerce. Retail is the aggregation of Retail Offline and Retail E-Commerce. Excludes specialist retailers of motor vehicles, motorcycles, vehicle parts. Also excludes fuel sales, foodservice sales, rental transactions, and wholesale sales (e.g. Cash and Carry). Sales value excluding or including VAT/Sales Tax. Retail also excludes the informal retail sector. Informal retailing is retail trade which is not declared to the tax authorities. Informal retailing encompasses (a) sales generated by unregistered and unlicensed retailers, i.e. retailers operating illegally, and (b) any proportion of sales generated by a registered and licensed retailer that is not declared to the tax authorities. Unregistered and unlicensed retailers operate predominantly (although not exclusively) as street hawkers or operate open market stalls, as these channels are harder for the authorities to monitor than permanent outlets. Activities in the illegal market, which is usually understood to refer to trade in illegal, counterfeit or stolen merchandise, are included within our definition of informal retailing. Activities in the “grey market”, which is usually understood to refer to trade in legal merchandise that is sold through unauthorized channels – for example cigarettes bought legally in another country, legally imported, but sold at lower prices than in authorized channels – will be included as informal retailing if no tax is paid on sale by the retailer. However if the retailer pays tax – for example on cigarettes bought legally in another country but sold at a lower price than standard – the sale is included within formal retail.

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